Device Applications of Metal-2D-Materials Interfaces A Short Review
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
The electronic energy band gaps of 2D-materials are known to spread over a wide range from zero in graphene to > 6eV in hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN). Various combinations of such engineered nanomaterials offer a number of novel device applications involving their unique optical, electronic, and thermal properties along with their higher charge carrier mobilities and saturation limited drift velocities. Structurally, these nanomaterials have single or multiple monolayers stuck together, which are not only suitable for flexible electron devices and circuits but also in preparing heterostructures (lateral as well as vertical configurations) that form super lattices with different kinds of band alignments. Such possibilities offer flexible control over the charge carrier transport in these materials via numerous types of exciton formations. Their extra sensitivity towards the presence of atomic, molecular and nanoparticulate species in their vicinity is the most significant aspect of these 2D-materials. This is the reason behind studying them in detail for detecting the presence of extremely low concentrations of the analyte that are not achievable in conventional sensors. For translating the above-said superlative properties of these fast emerging families of 2-D nanomaterials into usable devices and circuits, applying the conventional device fabrication technologies poses a real challenge. The experimental results reported in the context of forming usable interfaces between a metal and 2D-nanomaterial are examined here to assess their current status and future prospects. Their widespread applications are certainly anticipated in the fields like printed micro/nano sensors, large area electronics and printed intelligence with special reference to their emerging usages in Internet of Things (IoT) in the near future.
Downloads
References
-
S. Ahmad, Micro and Millimeter Wave Semiconductor Device Technology. Tata McGraw Hill, Delhi, India, 1998.
Google Scholar
1
-
A. Allain, J. Kang, K. Banerjee, and A. Kis, “Electrical contacts to two-dimensional semiconductors,” Nature Materials, vol. 14, pp. 1195-1205, 2015.
Google Scholar
2
-
O. Lopez-Sanchez, D. Lembke, M. Kayci, A. Radenovic, and A. Kis, “Ultrasensitive photo detectors based on monolayer MoS2,” Nature Nanotech., vol. 8, pp. 497–501, 2013.
Google Scholar
3
-
D. Krasnozhon, D. Lembke, C. Nyffeler, Y. Leblebici, and A. Kis, “MoS2 transistors operating at gigahertz frequencies,” Nano Lett., vol. 14, pp. 5905-11, 2014.
Google Scholar
4
-
S. Das, H. Y. Chen, A. V. Penumatcha, and J. Appenzeller, (2013), “High performance multilayer MoS2 transistors with scandium contacts,” Nano Lett., vol. 13, pp. 100–105, 2013.
Google Scholar
5
-
H. Liu, A. T. Neal, and P. D. Ye, “Channel length scaling of MoS2 MOSFETs,” ACS Nano., vol. 6, pp. 8563-9, 2012.
Google Scholar
6
-
H. Liu, M. Si, S. Najmaei, A. T. Neal, Y. Du, P. M. Ajayan, J. Lou, and P. D. Ye, “Statistical study of deep submicron dual-gated field-effect transistors on monolayer chemical vapor deposition molybdenum disulfide films,” Nano Lett., vol. 13, pp. 2640–6, 2013.
Google Scholar
7
-
R. Landauer, “Spatial variation of currents and fields due to localized scatterers in metallic conduction,” IBM J. Res. Dev. vol.1, pp. 223–231, 1957.
Google Scholar
8
-
Y. V. Sharvin, “A possible method for studying Fermi surfaces,” Sov. Phys. JETP, vol. 21, pp. 655-6, 1965.
Google Scholar
9
-
D. Jena, K. Banerjee, and G. H. Xing, “2D crystal semiconductors: Intimate contacts,” Nature Mater., vol. 13, pp. 1076-8, 2014.
Google Scholar
10
-
G. T. Wright, “Small-signal theory of the transistor transit-time oscillator /translator/,” Solid-State Electronics, vol. 22(4), pp. 399-403, 1979.
Google Scholar
11
-
S. M. Sze, Physics of Semiconductor Devices, Wiley-Inter science, 1969.
Google Scholar
12
-
J. Bardeen, “Surface States and Rectification at a Metal Semi-Conductor Contact,” Phys. Rev. vol. 71, 717, 1947.
Google Scholar
13
-
Y. Xu, C. Cheng, S. Du, J. Yang, Bin Yu, J. Luo, W. Yin, E. Li, S. Dong, P. Ye, and X. Duan, “Contacts between Two and Three-Dimensional Materials: Ohmic, Schottky, and p-n Hetero junctions,” ACS Nano, vol. 10 (5), pp. 4895-919, 2016.
Google Scholar
14
-
S. Das, H.-Y. Chen, A. V. Penumatcha, and J. Appenzeller, “High-Performance Multilayer MoS2 Transistors with Scandium Contacts,” Nano Lett., 13 (1), pp. 100–105, 2013.
Google Scholar
15
-
Y. Zhao, X. Xiao, Y. Huo, Y. Wang, T. Zhang, K. Jiang, J. Wang, S. Fan, and Q. Li, “Influence of Asymmetric Contact Form on Contact Resistance and Schottky Barrier, and Corresponding Applications of Diode,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, vol. 9 (22), pp.18945-55, 2017.
Google Scholar
16
-
K. S. Kim, K. H. Kim, Y. Nam, J. Jeon, S. Yim, E. Singh, J. Y. Lee, S. J. Lee, Y. S. Jung, G. Y. Yeom, and D. W. Kim, “Atomic layer etching mechanism of MoS2 for nano devices,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, vol. 9 (13), pp. 11967-76, 2017.
Google Scholar
17
-
S. Roy, G. P. Neupane, K. P. Dhakal, J. Lee, S. J. Yun, G. H. Han, and J. Kim, “Observation of Charge transfer in heterostructures composed of MoSe2 quantum dots and a monolayer of MoS2 or WSe2,” J. Phys. Chem. C, vol. 121 (3), pp. 1997–2004, 2017.
Google Scholar
18
-
M.-H. Doan, Y. Jin, S. Adhikari, S. Lee, J. Zhao, S. C. Lim, and Y. H. Lee, “Charge transport in MoS2/WSe2 van der Waals hetero-structure with tunable inversion layer,” ACS Nano, vol. 11 (4), pp. 3832-40, 2017.
Google Scholar
19
-
J. S. Ross, P. Rivera, J. Schaibley, E. Lee-Wong, H. Yu, T. Taniguchi, K. Watanabe, J. Yan, D. Mandrus, D. Cobden, W. Yao, and X. Xu, (2017), Interlayer exciton optoelectronics in a 2D hetero structure p–n Junction,” Nano Lett., vol. 17 (2), pp. 638-43, 2017.
Google Scholar
20
-
K. Xu, D. Chen, F. Yang, Z. Wang, L. Yin, F. Wang, R. Cheng, K. Liu, J. Xiong, Q. Liu, and J. He, “Sub-10nm nano pattern architecture for 2D material field-effect transistors,” Nano Lett., vol. 17 (2), pp. 1065–70, 2017.
Google Scholar
21
-
C. Kim, I. Moon, D. Lee, M. S. Choi, F. Ahmed, S. Nam, Y. Cho, H.-J. Shin, S. Park, and W. J. Yoo, “Fermi level pinning at electrical metal contacts of monolayer Molybdenum Dichalcogenides,” ACS Nano, vol.11 (2), pp.1588-96, 2017.
Google Scholar
22
-
J. Guan, H.-J. Chuang, Z. Zhou, and D. Tománek, “Optimizing charge injection across transition metal di-chalcogenide heterojunctions: Theory and Experiment,” ACS Nano, vol. 11 (4), pp. 3904-10, 2017.
Google Scholar
23
-
C. Zheng, Q. Zhang, B. Weber, H. Ilatikhameneh, F. Chen, H. Sahasrabudhe, R. Rahman, S. Li, Z. Chen, J. Hellerstedt, Y. Zhang, W. H. Duan, Q. Bao, and M. S. Fuhrer, “Direct observation of 2D electrostatics and ohmic contacts in template-grown graphene/WS2 heterostructures,” ACS Nano, vol. 11 (3), pp. 2785–93, 2017.
Google Scholar
24
-
D. Stradi, N. R. Papior, O. Hansen, and M. Brandbyge, “Field Effect in graphene-based van der Waals heterostructures: Stacking sequence matters,” Nano Lett., vol. 17 (4), pp. 2660–6, 2017.
Google Scholar
25
-
R. Li, L. Zhang, L. Shi, and P. Wang, “MXene Ti3C2: An effective 2D light-to-heat conversion material,” ACS Nano, vol. 11 (4), pp. 3752–9, 2017.
Google Scholar
26
-
H. Lin, X. Wang, L. Yu, Y. Chen, and J. Shi, “Two-dimensional ultrathin MXene ceramic nanosheets for photo-thermal conversion,” Nano Lett., vol. 17 (1), pp. 384-91, 2017.
Google Scholar
27
-
L. Huang, B. Li, M. Zhong, Z. Wei, and J. Li, “Tunable Schottky barrier at MoSe2/Metal interfaces with a buffer layer,” J. Phys. Chem. C, vol. 121 (17), pp. 9305–11, 2017.
Google Scholar
28
-
Y. Yoon, K. Ganapathi, and S. Salahuddin, “How good can monolayer MoS2 transistors be?” Nano Lett., vol. 11 (9), pp. 3768–73, 2011.
Google Scholar
29
-
H. Wang, L. Yu, Y.-H. Lee, Y. Shi, A. Hsu, M. L. Chin, L.-J. Li, M. Dubey, J. Kong, and T. Palacios, “Integrated circuits based on bilayer MoS2 transistors,” Nano Lett., vol. 12 (9), pp. 4674–80, 2012.
Google Scholar
30
-
S. Sattar and U. Schwingenschlögl, “Electronic properties of graphene–PtSe2 contacts,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, vol. 9 (18), pp.15809-13, 2017.
Google Scholar
31
-
H. G. Kim, and H.-B.-R. Lee, “Atomic layer deposition on 2D materials,” Chem. Mater., vol. 29(9), pp. 3809-26, 2017.
Google Scholar
32
-
A. Nourbakhsh, A. Zubair, R. N. Sajjad, A. Tavakkoli K. G. W. Chen, S. Fang, X. Ling, J. Kong, M. S. Dresselhaus, E. Kaxiras, K. K. Berggren, D. Antoniadis, and T. Palacios, “MoS2 field-effect transistor with sub-10nm channel length,” Nano Lett. vol. 16 (12), pp. 7798–7806, 2016.
Google Scholar
33
-
W. S. Leong, X. Luo, Y. Li, K. H. Khoo, S. Y. Quek, and J. T. L. Thong, “Low resistance metal contacts to MoS2 devices with nickel-etched-graphene electrodes,” ACS Nano, vol. 9 (1), pp. 869-77, 2015.
Google Scholar
34
-
H.-J. Chuang, B. Chamlagain, M. Koehler, M. M. Perera, J. Yan, D. Mandrus, D. Tománek, and Z. Zhou, “Low-resistance 2D/2D ohmic contacts: A universal approach to high-performance WSe2, MoS2, and MoSe2 transistors,” Nano Lett., vol. 16 (3), pp. 1896–1902, 2016.
Google Scholar
35
-
Y. Kim, A. R. Kim, J. H. Yang, K. E. Chang, J.-D. Kwon, S. Y. Choi, J. Park, K. E. Lee, D.-H. Kim, S. M. Choi, K. H. Lee, B. H. Lee, M. G. Hahm, and B. Cho, “Alloyed 2D metal–semiconductor heterojunctions: Origin of interface states reduction and Schottky barrier Lowering,” Nano Lett., vol. 16 (9), pp. 5928–33, 2016.
Google Scholar
36
-
Y. Sata, R. Moriya, S. Masubuchi, K. Watanabe, T. Taniguchi, and T. Machida, “N and P-type carrier injections into WSe2 with van der Waals contacts of two-dimensional materials,” Jap. J. App. Phys., vol. 56, 04CK09, 2017.
Google Scholar
37
-
D. Kufer, and G. Konstantatos, “Photo-FETs: Phototransistors enabled by 2D and 0D Nanomaterials,” ACS Photonics, vol. 3 (12), pp. 2197–2210, 2016.
Google Scholar
38
-
H. Zhong, R. Quhe, Y. Wang, Z. Ni, M. Ye, Z. Song, Y. Pan, J. Yang, L. Yang, M. Lei, J. Shi, and J. Lu, “Interfacial properties of monolayer and bilayer MoS2 contacts with metals: Beyond the energy band calculations,” Scientific Rep. 6:21786, 2016. DOI: 10.1038/ srep21786
Google Scholar
39
-
C. P. Y. Wong, C. Troadec, K. E. J. Goh, and A. T. S. Wee, “A study of the metal/2D semiconductor contacts,” 2017. Text @ www.physics.nus.edu.sg/~surface/Posters /Calvin % 20Wong_Poster%20-%20ISRF%20 2015. pdf
Google Scholar
40
-
A. Bin Khudhayr, 2017, Text @ http://userweb.eng.gla.ac.uk/MScPosters2014-15/ Engineering%20and%20Management/EEE%20 and%20Management/Developing%20of%20Lowresistance%20Ohmic%20Contact%20on%20GaN % 20 HEMTs.pdf
Google Scholar
41
-
D. Taneja, F. Sfigakis, A. F. Croxall, K. Das Gupta, V. Narayan, J. Waldie, I. Farrer, and D. A. Ritchie, “N-type ohmic contacts to undoped GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells using only front-sided processing: application to ambipolar FETs,” Semicond. Sci. Technol., vol. 31, 065013 (7pp), 2016.
Google Scholar
42
-
P. Parikh, Y. Wu, and L. Shen, “Commercialization of high 600V GaN-on-silicon power HEMTs and diodes. IEEE Energytech., pp. 21-23, May 2013; DOI: 10.1109/EnergyTech. 2013.6645300
Google Scholar
43
-
L. Wang, I. Meric, P. Y. Huang, Q. Gao, Y. Gao, H. Tran, T. Taniguchi, K. Watanabe, L. M. Campos, D. A. Muller, J. Guo, P. Kim, J. Hone, K. L. Shepard, and C. R. Dean, “One-dimensional electrical contact to a two-dimensional material,” Science, vol. 342, pp. 614-7, 2013.
Google Scholar
44
-
G. Giovannetti, P. A. Khomyakov, G. Brocks, V. M. Karpan, J. van den Brink, and P. J. Kelly, “Doping graphene with metal contacts,” Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 101, 026803, 2008.
Google Scholar
45
-
Q. Tang, C. X. Zhang, C. He, C. Tang, and J. Zhong, “Charge transport properties of graphene: Effects of Cu-based gate electrode,” J. Appl. Phys., vol.108, 123711, 2010.
Google Scholar
46
-
F. Léonard, and A. A. Talin, “Electrical contacts to one- and two-dimensional nanomaterials,” Nat. Nanotechnol., vol. 6, pp.773-83, 2011.
Google Scholar
47
-
F. Xia, V. Perebeinos, Y. M. Lin, Y. Wu, and P. Avouris, “The origins and limits of metal-graphene junction resistance. Nat. Nanotechnol. 6, 179-84, 2011.
Google Scholar
48
-
M. S. Choi, S. H. Lee, and W. J. Yoo, “Plasma treatments to improve metal contacts in graphene field effect transistor,” J. Appl. Phys., vol. 110, 073305, 2011.
Google Scholar
49
-
D. Berdebes, T. Low, Y. Sui, J. Appenzeller, and M. S. Lundstrom, “Substrate gating of contact resistance in graphene transistors,” IEEE Trans. Electron. Dev., vol. 58, pp. 3925-32, 2011.
Google Scholar
50
-
J. S. Moon, M. Antcliffe, H. C. Seo, D. Curtis, S. Lin, A. Schmitz, I. Milosavljevic, A. A. Kiselev, R. S. Ross, D. K. Gaskill, P. M. Campbell, R. C. Fitch, K.-M. Lee, and P. Asbeck, “Ultra-low resistance ohmic contacts in graphene field effect transistors,” Appl. Phys. Lett. vol.100, 203512, 2012.
Google Scholar
51
-
J. T. Smith, A. D. Franklin, D. B. Farmer, and C. D. Dimitrakopoulos, “Reducing contact resistance in graphene devices through contact area patterning,” ACS Nano vol. 7, pp. 3661–7, 2013.
Google Scholar
52
-
A. K. Geim, and I. V. Grigorieva, “van der Waals heterostructures,” Nature vol. 499, pp. 419-25, 2013.
Google Scholar
53
-
A. S. Mayorov, R. V. Gorbachev, S. V. Morozov, L. Britnell, R. Jalil, L. A. Ponomarenko, P. Blake, K. S. Novoselov, K. Watanabe, T. Taniguchi, and A. K. Geim, “Micrometer-scale ballistic transport in encapsulated graphene at room temperature,” Nano Lett., vol. 11, pp. 2396–9, 2011.
Google Scholar
54
-
M. Ishigami, J. H. Chen, W. G. Cullen, M. S. Fuhrer, and E. D. Williams, “Atomic structure of graphene on SiO2,” Nano Lett., vol.7, pp. 1643–1648, 2007.
Google Scholar
55
-
J. A. Robinson, M. LaBella, M. Zhu, M. Hollander, R. Kasarda, Z. Hughes, K. Trumbull, R. Cavalero, and D. Snyder, “Contacting graphene,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 98, 053103, 2011.
Google Scholar
56
-
J. Yamaguchi, K. Hayashi, S. Sato, and N. Yokoyama, “Passivating chemical vapor deposited graphene with metal oxides for transfer and transistor fabrication processes,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 102, 143505, 2013.
Google Scholar
57
-
N. Lindvall, A. Kalabukhov, and A. Yurgens, “Erratum: “Cleaning graphene using atomic force microscope,” [J. Appl. Phys., vol. 111, 064904, 2012], J. Appl. Phys. vol. 111, 064904, 2012.
Google Scholar
58
-
S. J. Haigh, A. Gholinia, R. Jalil, S. Romani, L. Britnell, D. C. Elias, K. S. Novoselov, L. A. Ponomarenko, A. K. Geim, and R. Gorbachev, “Cross-sectional imaging of individual layers and buried interfaces of graphene-based heterostructures and superlattices,” Nat. Mater., vol. 11, pp. 764-7, 2012.
Google Scholar
59
-
Y. Matsuda, W.-Q. Deng, And W. A. Goddard Iii, “Contact Resistance for “End-Contacted” Metal-Graphene and Metal-Nanotube Interfaces from Quantum Mechanics,” J. Phys. Chem. C, Vol. 114, Pp. 17845–50, 2010.
Google Scholar
60
-
K. Cho, “First-Principles and Quantum Transport Studies of Metal–Graphene End Contacts,” Mrs Proc., Vol., 1259, Pp. S14–S35, 2010.
Google Scholar
61
-
Y. Wu, Y. Wang, J. Wang, M. Zhou, A. Zhang, C. Zhang, Y. Yang, Y. Hua, and B. Xu, “Electrical transport across metal-two-dimensional carbon junctions: edge versus side contacts,” AIP Adv., vol. 2(1), 012132, 2012.
Google Scholar
62
-
M. H. D. Guimarães, H. Gao, Y. Han, K. Kang, S. Xie, C.-J. Kim, D. A. Muller, D. C. Ralph, J. Park, “Atomically Thin Ohmic Edge Contacts Between Two-Dimensional Materials,” Acs Nano., Vol. 10 (6), Pp. 6392–9, 2016.
Google Scholar
63
-
Y. Wen, L. Yin, P. He, Z. Wang, X. K. Zhang, Q. Wang, T. A. Shifa, K. Xu, F. Wang, X. Zhan, F. Wang, C. Jiang, And J. He, “Integrated High-Performance Infrared Phototransistor Arrays Composed of Non-Layered Pbs–Mos2 Heterostructures with Edge Contacts,” Nano Lett., Vol. 16 (10), Pp. 6437–6444, 2016.
Google Scholar
64
-
T. Chu and Z. Chen, “Understanding The Electrical Impact of Edge Contacts in Few-Layer Graphene,” Acs Nano, Vol. 8 (4), Pp. 3584-9, 2014.
Google Scholar
65
-
W. S. Leong, X. Luo, Y. Li, K. H. Khoo, S. Y. Quek, And J. T. L. Thong, “Low-Resistance Metal Contacts to Mos2 Devices with Nickel-Etched-Graphene Electrodes,” Acs Nano, Vol. 9 (1), Pp. 869–877, 2015.
Google Scholar
66
-
C. D. English, G. Shine, V. E. Dorgan, K. C. Saraswat, And E. Pop, “Improved Contacts to Mos2 Transistors by Ultra-High Vacuum Metal Deposition,” Nano Lett., Vol. 16 (6), Pp. 3824-30, 2016.
Google Scholar
67
-
H. -J. Chuang, B. Chamlagain, M. Koehler, M. M. Perera, J. Yan, D. Mandrus, D. Tománek, and Z. Zhou, “Low-resistance 2D/2D ohmic contacts: A universal approach to high-performance WSe2, MoS2, and MoSe2 transistors,” Nano Lett., vol. 16 (3), pp. 1896–1902, 2016.
Google Scholar
68
-
X. Cui, E.-M. Shih, L. A. Jauregui, S. H. Chae, Y. D. Kim, B. Li, D. Seo, K. Pistunova, J. Yin, J.-H. Park, H.-J. Choi, Y. H. Lee, K. Watanabe, T. Taniguchi, P. Kim, C. R. Dean, and J. C. Hone, “Low-temperature ohmic contact to monolayer MoS2 by van der Waals bonded Co/h-BN electrodes,” Nano Lett., vol. 17 (8), pp. 4781–6, 2017.
Google Scholar
69
-
A. Avsar, J. Y. Tan, X. Luo, K. H. Khoo, Y. Yeo, K. Watanabe, T. Taniguchi, S. Y. Quek, and B. Özyilmaz, “van der Waals bonded Co/h-BN contacts to ultrathin black phosphorus devices,” Nano Lett., vol. 17 (9), pp. 5361–7, 2017.
Google Scholar
70
-
H.-J. Kwon, W. Choi, D. Lee, Y. Lee, J. Kwon, B. Yoo, C. P. Grigoropoulos, and S. Kim, “Selective and localized laser-anneal effect for high-performance flexible multilayer MoS2 thin-film transistors,” Nano Res., vol. 7, 1137, 2014.
Google Scholar
71
-
Y. Liu, H. Xiao, and W. A. Goddard, “Schottky-barrier-free contacts with two-dimensional semiconductors by surface-engineered MXenes,” J. Am. Chem. Soc., vol. 138 (49), pp. 15853-6, 2016.
Google Scholar
72
-
T. Hu, Z. Li, M. Hu, J. Wang, Q. Hu, Q. Li, and X. Wang, “Chemical origin of termination-functionalized MXenes: Ti3C2T2 as a case study,” J. Phys. Chem. C, vol. 121 (35), pp. 19254-61, 2017.
Google Scholar
73
-
Y. Wang, M. Ye, M. Weng, J. Li, X. Zhang, H. Zhang, Y. Guo, Y. Pan, L. Xiao, J. Liu, F. Pan, and J. Lu, “Electrical contacts in monolayer arsenene devices,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, vol. 9 (34), pp. 29273–84, 2017.
Google Scholar
74
-
Y. Guo, W. A. Saidi, and Q. Wang, “2D halide perovskite-based van der Waals heterostructures: contact evaluation and performance modulation,” 2D Materials, vol. 4(3), 035009, 2017.
Google Scholar
75
-
Y. Ma, A. Kuc, Y. Jing, P. Philipsen, and T. Heine, “Two-dimensional haeckelite NbS2: A diamagnetic high-mobility semiconductor with Nb4+ ions,” Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., vol. 56, 10214, 2017.
Google Scholar
76
-
X. Zhang, Y. Pan, M. Ye, R. Quhe, Y. Wang, Y. Guo, H. Zhang, Y. Dan, Z. Song, J. Li, J. Yang, W. Guo, and J. Lu, “Three-layer phosphorene-metal interfaces,” Nano Res., 2017; https://doi.org/10. 1007/s12274-017-1680-6
Google Scholar
77
-
H. A. Tahini, X. Tan, and S. C. Smith, “The origin of low work functions in OH-terminated MXenes,” Nanoscale, vol. 9, pp. 7016-20, 2017.
Google Scholar
78
-
E. Balc, U. O. Akkuş, and S. Berber, “Band gap modification in doped MXene: Sc2CF2,” J. Mater. Chem. C, vol. 5, pp. 5956-61, 2017.
Google Scholar
79
-
J. H. Sung, H. Heo, S. Si, Y. H. Kim, H. R. Noh, K. Song, J. Kim, C.-S. Lee, S.-Y. Seo, D.-H. Kim, H. K. Kim, H. W. Yeom, T.-H. Kim, S.-Y. Choi, J. S. Kim, and M.-H. Jo, “Coplanar semiconductor–metal circuitry defined on few-layer MoTe2 via polymorphic heteroepitaxy,” Nature Nanotechnology, 2017; doi:10.1038/nnano.2017.161
Google Scholar
80
-
Y. Matsuda, W.-Q. Deng, and W. A. Goddard III, “Contact resistance for “end-contacted” metal−graphene and metal−nanotube interfaces from quantum mechanics,” J. Phys. Chem. C, vol. 114 (41), 17845–50, 2010.
Google Scholar
81
-
K. H. Khoo, W. S. Leong, J. T. L. Thong, and S. Y. Quek, “Origin of contact resistance at ferromagnetic metal–graphene interfaces,” ACS Nano, vol. 10 (12), pp. 11219–27, 2016.
Google Scholar
82
-
M. Shaygan, M. Otto, A. A. Sagade, C. A. Chavarin, G. Bacher, W. Mertin, and D. Neumaier, “Low resistive edge contacts to CVD-grown graphene using a CMOS compatible metal,” Annalen der Physik, 1600410, 2017.
Google Scholar
83
-
Y. Xu, C. Cheng, S. Du, J. Yang, B. Yu, J. Luo, W. Yin, E. Li, S. Dong, P. Ye, and X. Duan, “Contacts between two and three-dimensional materials: Ohmic, Schottky, and p–n - heterojunctions,” ACS Nano, vol. 10 (5), pp. 4895-919, 2016.
Google Scholar
84
-
Y. Kim, A. R. Kim, J. H. Yang, K. E. Chang, J.-D. Kwon, S. Y. Choi, J. Park, K. E. Lee, D.-H. Kim, S. M. Choi, K. H. Lee, B. H. Lee, M. G. Hahm, and B. Cho, “Alloyed 2D-metal–semiconductor heterojunctions: Origin of interface states reduction and Schottky barrier lowering,” Nano Lett., vol. 16 (9), pp. 5928–33, 2016.
Google Scholar
85
-
2-D Electronics' metal or semiconductor? Both, Researchers produced the first 2D field-effect transistor (FET) made of a single material, Science News, September, 2017, Text @ https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases /2017/09/ 170918161531. Htm
Google Scholar
86
-
J. H. Sung, H. Heo, S. Si, Y. H. Kim, H. R. Noh, K. Song, J. Kim, C.-S. Lee, S.-Y. Seo, D.-H. Kim, H. K. Kim, H. W. Yeom, T.-H. Kim, S.-Y. Choi, J. S. Kim, and M.-H. Jo, “Coplanar semiconductor–metal circuitry defined on few-layer MoTe2 via polymorphic heteroepitaxy,” Nature Nanotechnology, 2017; DOI: 10.1038/NNANO.2017.161.
Google Scholar
87