##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##

The thermoelectric characteristics of lead selenium (PbSe) doped with gallium (Ga) are investigated in this study. When the lead sulfide (PbSe) is tuned with appropriate dopants, it exhibits satisfactory ZT values, hence making it a promising thermoelectric material. This study examines the electrical conductivity, Seebeck coefficient, thermal conductivity, and power factor of PbSe, with varying amounts of added Ga. Results indicate that incorporating Ga into PbSe improves its thermoelectric performance, with a maximum ZT value of approximately 1.2 at 873 K for the optimal doping concentration of 0.005 atomic percent. This improvement is attributed to the combined effects of increased electrical conductivity and reduced thermal conductivity. These findings suggest that Ga-doped PbSe is a promising candidate for mid-temperature thermoelectric applications.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Introduction

It is extremely important to know about interionic interactions in order to describe a wide variety of condensed matter’s physical and chemical properties from a microscopic perspective [1]–[9]. In addition, there are situations in which the microscopic description structure is very helpful in providing some qualitative insights into the materials for electronic device applications [10]–[22]. This is an example of how thermoelectric materials display their features. Thermoelectric materials have garnered significant research interest due to their unique ability to convert heat into electrical energy, which has immense value for energy harvesting, power generation, and waste heat recovery. These materials offer the potential for sustainable energy solutions, especially when conventional energy conversion methods are inefficient or impractical [23]–[26]. The efficiency of thermoelectric materials is governed by the dimensionless figure of merit, ZT, defined as:

Z T = S 2 σ T / κ

where S is the Seebeck coefficient [27]–[30], σ is the electrical conductivity [31]–[34], T is the absolute temperature, and κ is the thermal conductivity [35]–[38]. A higher ZT value correlates with enhanced thermoelectric performance, making the optimization of these parameters crucial for practical applications [39]–[41].

Several materials have demonstrated promising ZT values, making them suitable candidates for practical thermoelectric applications. For instance, Bismuth Telluride (Bi2Te3) exhibits a ZT of around 1.0 at room temperature, making it suitable in cooling applications [42]. Similarly, Skutterudites, with ZT values of approaching 1.5, are fascinating for mid-temperature applications [43]. More recently, materials like Tin Selenide (SnSe) have achieved record ZT values of up to 2.6 at 923 K, underscoring the ongoing advancements in thermoelectric material research [44].

Among the various thermoelectric materials, Lead Selenide (PbSe), an IV–VI semiconductor, has emerged as a promising candidate for thermoelectric applications, particularly in the mid-temperature range (400–900 K) [45]–[49]. The favorable electronic band structure and relatively low thermal conductivity of PbSe make it an excellent candidate for achieving high ZT values [50], [51]. However, doping with elements that modify carrier concentration and mobility can further enhance its thermoelectric performance. Doping with Group IIIA elements, including Boron (B), Gallium (Ga), Indium (In), and Thallium (Tl), has shown potential in optimizing the thermoelectric properties of PbSe [52]. This study focuses on the effects of Ga doping on PbSe, aiming to enhance its thermoelectric performance for practical applications.

Experimental Methodology

Sample Preparation

High-purity elemental lead (Pb), selenium (Se), and gallium (Ga) were used to synthesize lead selenide (PbSe) ingots with varying concentrations of Ga. The elements were weighed and mixed according to predetermined atomic percentages of Ga (0.003%, 0.005%, and 0.007%). The mixtures were then sealed in a quartz tube under an argon atmosphere to prevent oxidation. The sealed tubes were heated to the melting point of the components and maintained at that temperature to ensure complete homogenization. After sufficient melting, the samples were gradually cooled to form solid ingots.

Powder Processing

The solidified PbSe ingots were carefully grounded into fine powders using mechanical grinding. Using a hot-pressing technique, the resulting powders were then consolidated into dense polycrystalline samples. This process was conducted under controlled temperature and pressure to ensure optimal densification while preserving the desired microstructure [53]–[56].

Structural Characterization

The synthesized samples’ phase purity and crystalline structure were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD). XRD patterns were recorded to confirm the presence of the desired PbSe phase and to detect any secondary phases or impurities [57]–[59]. Additionally, the microstructure of the samples was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which provided detailed images of the grain size, distribution, and morphology within the polycrystalline matrix [60], [61].

Electrical and Thermoelectric Measurements

The electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient of samples were measured over a range of temperatures using a commercial ULVAC ZEM-3 system [62]. These measurements provided insights into the thermoelectric performance of the Ga-doped PbSe samples by evaluating their ability to generate a thermoelectric voltage in response to a temperature gradient.

Thermal Properties

The thermal diffusivity of the samples was determined using a Netzsch LFA 457 laser flash apparatus [63]. This technique involved subjecting the samples to a laser pulse and measuring the rate at which heat propagated through the material. Specific heat capacity was measured using a Netzsch DSC 404 C differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), which involved heating the samples at a controlled rate and recording the heat flow. These thermal properties are crucial for calculating thermal conductivity, directly influencing thermoelectric efficiency.

Results and Discussion

Electrical Conductivity and Seebeck Coefficient

Fig. 1 presents the temperature dependence of electrical conductivity for PbSe samples doped with varying levels of Ga. The electrical conductivity decreased with increasing temperature for all samples, which is indicative of typical semiconductor behavior. The undoped PbSe sample exhibited the highest electrical conductivity at room temperature, which gradually decreased as the temperature increased. Ga-doped samples showed a slight reduction in electrical conductivity at lower temperatures, which is attributed to the scattering of charge carriers by the dopant atoms. However, at higher temperatures, the electrical conductivity of the Ga-doped samples approached that of the undoped PbSe, suggesting that Ga doping has a minimal adverse effect on high-temperature charge transport.

Fig. 1. Temperature dependence of electrical conductivity for PbSeGax (x = 0, 0.003, 0.005, 0.007).

As shown in Fig. 2, the Seebeck coefficient increased with the temperature for all samples. This characteristic is consistent with typical n-type thermoelectric materials. The negative Seebeck coefficient values confirmed that electrons were the dominant charge carriers. Among the Ga-doped samples, the one with 0.007 atomic percent Ga exhibited the highest Seebeck coefficient at elevated temperatures, indicating that Ga doping effectively enhanced thermoelectric power. This increase in the Seebeck coefficient, combined with the relatively stable electrical conductivity, contributes to an improved power factor, as seen in Fig. 3.

Fig. 2. Temperature dependence of Seebeck coefficient for PbSeGax (x = 0, 0.003, 0.005, 0.007).

Fig. 3. Temperature dependence of Power Factor for PbSeGax (x=0, 0.003, 0.005, 0.007).

Thermal Conductivity

The thermal conductivity as a function of temperature is depicted in Fig. 4. Both the total thermal conductivity and the lattice thermal conductivity (Fig. 5) decreased with increasing temperature for all samples. The total thermal conductivity for the undoped PbSe sample was higher than that of the Ga-doped samples, reflecting the influence of Ga atoms in scattering phonons. As the Ga concentration increased, the thermal conductivity decreased, which was beneficial for achieving higher ZT values.

Fig. 4. Temperature dependence of total thermal conductivity for PbSeGax (x = 0, 0.003, 0.005, 0.007).

Fig. 5. Temperature dependence of lattice thermal conductivity for PbSeGax (x = 0, 0.003, 0.005, 0.007).

As shown in Fig. 5, the lattice thermal conductivity was particularly sensitive to Ga doping. The sample doped with 0.007 atomic percent Ga showed the lowest lattice thermal conductivity across the temperature range. This reduction was attributed to the increased phonon scattering caused by the Ga dopant, which disrupted the regularity of the PbSe crystal lattice.

Specific Heat

Fig. 6 shows the specific heat (Cp) of PbSe and Ga-doped PbSe as a function of temperature. The specific heat for Ga-doped samples slightly increases with temperature and remains comparable to that of undoped PbSe across the temperature range. The specific heat for this sample approaches a value of around 0.20 J/g·K at high temperatures, which is typical for PbSe-based materials.

Fig. 6. Temperature dependence of specific heat for PbSeGa0.007 and undoped PbSe.

Interestingly, despite the slight variations in specific heat among the doped and undoped samples, the presence of Ga does not significantly alter the specific heat capacity of the material. This observation suggests that the enhancement in thermoelectric performance is primarily driven by changes in electrical and thermal transport properties rather than specific heat variations. Nonetheless, the stable specific heat contributes to the overall thermal management of the material, which is critical in thermoelectric applications where both electrical and thermal transport must be optimized.

Figure of Merit (ZT)

The dimensionless figure of merit (ZT) was calculated using the measured electrical conductivity, Seebeck coefficient, and thermal conductivity data. As shown in Fig. 7, the ZT values of all samples increased with temperature. The highest ZT value of approximately 1.2 was achieved for the PbSe sample doped with 0.005 atomic percent Ga at 873 K. This represented a significant improvement over undoped PbSe and was primarily due to the combined effects of enhanced Seebeck coefficient and reduced thermal conductivity. The optimal doping level appeared to be 0.005 atomic percent Ga. Further increases in Ga concentration did not lead to higher ZT values, possibly due to excessive carrier scattering.

Fig. 7. Temperature dependence of ZT for PbSeGax (x = 0, 0.003, 0.005, 0.007).

Conclusion

The results of this investigation revealed that doping markedly improved the thermoelectric efficiency of PbSe. Optimizing the concentration of Ga, a maximum ZT value of 1.2 was achieved at 873 K for PbSe doped with 0.005 atomic percent Ga. This improvement was attributed to the synergistic effects of increased electrical conductivity and reduced thermal conductivity, which together enhanced the overall efficiency of the material. The results underscored the potential of Ga-doped PbSe as a promising candidate for mid-temperature thermoelectric applications. Future research will focus on further optimizing doping concentrations and exploring co-doping strategies to achieve higher ZT values, thereby expanding the material’s applicability across a broader range of thermoelectric applications.

References

  1. Abbas FI, Bhuiyan GM. Atomic transport properties and liquid-liquid phase separation of Znx Bi1−x liquid monotectic alloys. J Phys: Condens Matter. 2023;35(32):324001.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  2. Abbas FI, Bhuiyan GM. A study of thermodynamics of mixing for AlxZn1−x liquid binary alloys. Physica B: Condens Matter. 2022;647(32):414365.
     Google Scholar
  3. Islam MA, Gosh RC, Abbas FI, Bhuiyan GM. Effects of interionic pair interactions on atomic transport properties of liquid Al. Indian J Phys. 2022 Mar;96(3):697–706.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  4. Abbas FI, Bhuiyan GM, Kasem R. Critical properties of segregation for All−x Bix liquid binary alloys. J Phys Soc Jpn. 2020 Nov 15;89(11):114004.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  5. Dubinin NE, Bhuiyan GM, Abbas FI. Effective wills-harrison pair interaction in liquid Au. Russ Metall (Metally). 2019 Aug;2019(8):835–7.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  6. Bhuiyan GM, Abbas FI. Local minimum in pair potentials of polyvalent metals: a limitation of pseudopotential theory. Int J Mod Phys B. 2019 Mar 20;33(7):1950049.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  7. Abbas FI, Bhuiyan GM, Kasem MR. A study of thermodynamics of mixing for Al1−xSnx liquid binary alloy. J Non-Cryst Solids. 2018 Feb 1;481:391–6.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  8. Bhuiyan GM, Abbas FI. Local minimum in effective pairpotentials: pseudopotential theory revisited. arXiv preprint arXiv:1710.07931. 2017 Oct 22.
     Google Scholar
  9. Abbas FI, Bhuiyan GM. AtomicEnergy of mixing and entropy of mixing for CuxAl1−x liquid binary alloys. arXiv preprint arXiv: 1607.05827.
     Google Scholar
  10. Al Rakib MA, Samad MF, Rahman MM, Abbas FI, Samad M, Rahman MA, et al. Cost effective weather monitoring station. EJENG [Internet]. 2023 Apr 24 [cited 2024 Mar 31];8(2):73–8. Available from: https://ej-eng.org/index.php/ejeng/article/view/2869.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  11. Al Rakib MA, Rahman MM, Hossain MM, Rahman MA, Samad M, Abbas FI. Induction motor based speed and direction controller. EJENG [Internet]. 2022 Nov 28 [cited 2024 Mar 31];7(6):82–6. Available from: https://ej-eng.org/index.php/ejeng/article/view/2868.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  12. Al Rakib MA, Rahman MM, Uddin S, Khan MAH, Rahman MA, Hossain MM, et al. Smart agriculture robot controlling using bluetooth. EJENG [Internet]. 2022 Nov. 28 [cited 2024 Mar. 31];7(6):77–81. Available from: https://ej-eng.org/index.php/ejeng/’article/view/2867.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  13. Al Rakib MA, Rahman MM, Uddin S, Alam Anik MS, Talukder AH, Samad M, et al. Fingerprint based smart home automation and security system. EJENG [Internet]. 2022 Apr 18 [cited 2024 Mar 31];7(2):140–5. Available from: https://ej-eng.org/index.php/ejeng/article/view/2745.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  14. Al Rakib MA, Rahman MM, Alam Anik MS, Jahangir Masud FA, Islam S, Rahman MA, et al. Arduino based efficient energy storage systems using solar and wind power. EJENG [Internet]. 2022 Apr 15 [cited 2024 Mar 31];7(2):134–9. Available from: https://www.ej-eng.org/index.php/ejeng/article/view/2743.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  15. Al Rakib MA, Rahman MM, Anik MSA, Masud FAJ, Rahman MA, Hossain MS, et al. Fire detection and water discharge activity for fire fighting robots using IoT. EJENG [Internet]. 2022 Apr 13 [cited 2024 Mar 31];7(2):128–33. Available from: https://ej-eng.org/index.php/ejeng/article/view/2742.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  16. Al Rakib MA, Rahman MM, Alam Anik MS, Jahangir Masud FA, Rahman MA, Islam S, et al. Arduino uno based voice conversion system for dumb people. EJENG [Internet]. 2022 Apr 11 [cited 2024 Apr 2];7(2):118–23. Available from: https://www.ej-eng.org/index.php/ejeng/article/view/2744.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  17. Al Rakib MA, Uddin S, Rahman MM, Chakraborty S, Abbas FI. Smart wheelchair with voice control for physically challenged people. EJENG [Internet]. 2021 Dec 3 [cited 2024 Apr 2];6(7):97–102. Available from: https://ej-eng.org/index.php/ejeng/article/view/2627.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  18. Rakib MAA, Rahman MM, Samad M, Islam S, Rahman MA, Abbas FI. Low-cost pulmonary ventilator for patient monitoring for covid-19 disease. EJENG [Internet]. 2021 Oct 31 [cited 2024;2];6(6):154–9, Available from: https://ej-eng.org/index.php/ejeng/article/view/2610.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  19. Rakib MAA, Rahman MM, Rana MS, Islam MS, Abbas FI. GSM based home safety and security system. EJENG [Internet]. 2021 Sep 28 [cited 2024 Apr 2];6(6):69–73. Available from: https://www.ej-eng.org/index.php/ejeng/article/view/2580.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  20. Rakib MAA, Rana MS, Rahman MM, Abbas FI. Dry and wet waste segregation and management system. EJENG [Internet]. 2021 Aug 16 [cited 2024 Apr 2];6(5):129–33. Available from: https://www.ej-eng.org/index.php/ejeng/article/view/2531.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  21. Al Rakib MA, Mahamud MS, Zishan MS, Abbas FI. An Arduino based smart hand gloves for load control and physician notification. 2021 International Conference on Automation, Control and Mechatronics for Industry 4.0 (ACMI), pp. 1–5. IEEE, 2021 Jul 8.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  22. Ahmad S, Mehedee HM, Bin HM, Hasan RR, Abbas FI, Imam MH. Design of a compact simple structured dual-band patch antenna for wireless on-body medical and sports devices. 2021 2nd International Conference on Robotics, Electrical and Signal Processing Techniques (ICREST), pp. 577–81. IEEE, 2021 Jan 5.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  23. Wood C. Materials for thermoelectric energy conversion. Rep Prog Phys. 1988 Apr 1;51(4):459.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  24. Zhang X, Zhao LD. Thermoelectric materials: energy conversion between heat and electricity. J Materiomics. 2015 Jun 1;1(2):92–105.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  25. Singh Y, Singh SK, Hazra P. The quest for high-efficiency thermo-electric generators for extracting electricity from waste heat. JOM. 2021 Dec;73(12):4070–84.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  26. Goldsmid HJ. Thermoelectric properties of metals and semiconductors. In Introduction to Thermoelectricity. vol. 121, Springer Series in Materials Science. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2010. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-00716-3_3.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  27. Su L, Shi H, Wang S, Wang D, Qin B, Wang Y, et al. Enhancing carrier mobility and seebeck coefficient by modifying scattering factor. Adv Energy Mater. 2023 May;13(18):2300312.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  28. Zhang D, He P, Liu G, Zhong R, Xu F, Yang J, et al. High thermoelectric performance of PbSe via a synergistic band engineering and dislocation approach. Scr Mater. 2024 Apr 15;244:116003.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  29. Liu R, Ge Y, Wang D, Shuai Z. Understanding the temperature dependence of the seebeck coefficient from first-principles band structure calculations for organic thermoelectric materials. CCS Chem. 2021 Oct 1;3(10):1477–83.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  30. Jia N, Cao J, Tan XY, Dong J, Liu H, Tan CK, et al. Thermoelectric materials and transport physics. Mater Today Phys. 2021 Nov 1;21:100519.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  31. Abdulhameed A, Wahab NZ, Mohtar MN, Hamidon MN, Shafie S, Halin IA. Methods and applications of electrical conductivity enhancement of materials using carbon nanotubes. J Electron Mater. 2021 Jun;50:3207–21.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  32. Fu D. Effect of graphene on the electrical conductivity of different materials. Acad J Sci Technol. 2022 Oct 11;3(1):113–5.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  33. Zhou CD, Liang B, Huang WJ, Noudem JG, Tan XJ, Jiang J. Phonon engineering significantly reducing thermal conductivity of thermoelectric materials: a review. Rare Metals. 2023 Sep;42(9):2825–39.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  34. Das P, Bathula S, Gollapudi S. Evaluating the effect of grain size distribution on thermal conductivity of thermoelectric materials. Nano Express. 2020 Sep 11;1(2):020036.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  35. Tritt TM editor. Thermal Conductivity: Theory, Properties, and Applications. Springer Science & Business Media; 2005 May 13.
     Google Scholar
  36. Baranowski LL, Snyder GJ, Toberer ES. Effective thermal conductivity in thermoelectric materials. J Appl Phys. 2013 May 28;113(20):204904.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  37. Finn PA, Asker C, Wan K, Bilotti E, Fenwick O, Nielsen CB. Thermoelectric materials: current status and future challenges. Front Electron Mater. 2021 Aug 19;1:677845.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  38. Sun J, Zhang Y, Fan Y, Tang X, Tan G. Strategies for boosting thermoelectric performance of PbSe: a review. Chem Eng J. 2022 Mar 1;431:133699.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  39. Snyder GJ, Snyder AH. Figure of merit ZT of a thermoelectric device defined from materials properties. Energ Environ Sci. 2017;10(11):2280–3.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  40. Wei J, Yang L, Ma Z, Song P, Zhang M, Ma J, et al. Review of current high-ZT thermoelectric materials. J Mater Sci. 2020 Sep;55:12642–704.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  41. Xu L, Wang X, Wang Y, Gao Z, Ding X, Xiao Y. Enhanced average power factor and ZT value in PbSe thermoelectric material with dual interstitial doping. Energ Environ Sci. 2024;17(5):2018–27.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  42. Goldsmid HJ. Introduction to Thermoelectricity. Berlin: Springer; 2010 Apr 29.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  43. Rogl G, Rogl P. Skutterudites, a most promising group of thermoelectric materials. Curr Opin Green Sustain Chem. 2017 Apr 1;4:50–7.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  44. Zhao LD, Tan G, Hao S, He J, Pei Y, Chi H, et al. Ultrahigh power factor and thermoelectric performance in hole-doped single-crystal SnSe. Science. 2016 Jan 8;351(6269):141–4.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  45. Yang H, Li X, Wang G, Zheng J. The electrical properties of carrier transport between lead selenide polycrystallites manipulated by iodine concentration. AIP Adv. 2018 Aug 1;8(8):085316.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  46. Pei Y, Shi X, LaLonde A, Wang H, Chen L, Snyder GJ. Convergence of electronic bands for high performance bulk thermoelectrics. Nature. 2011 May 5;473(7345):66–9.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  47. Biswas K, He J, Zhang Q, Wang G, Uher C, Dravid VP, et al. Strained endotaxial nanostructures with high thermoelectric figure of merit. Nat Chem. 2011 Feb;3(2):160–6.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  48. Pei Y, LaLonde AD, Wang H, Snyder GJ. Low effective mass leading to high thermoelectric performance. Energ Environ Sci. 2012;5(7):7963–9.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  49. Zhang Q, Wang H, Liu W, Wang H, Yu B, Zhang Q, et al. Enhancement of thermoelectric figure-of-merit by resonant states of aluminium doping in lead selenide. Energ Environ Sci. 2012;5(1):5246–51.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  50. Skelton JM, Parker SC, Togo A, Tanaka I, Walsh A. Thermal physics of the lead chalcogenides PbS, PbSe, and PbTe from first principles. Phys Rev B. 2014 May 15;89(20):205203.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  51. Zhang Y, Ke X, Chen C, Yang J, Kent PR. Thermodynamic properties of PbTe, PbSe, and PbS: first-principles study. Phys Rev B—Conden Matter Mater Phys. 2009 Jul 1;80(2):024304.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  52. Hou ZH, Qian X, Cui QJ, Wang SF, Zhao LD. Strategies to advance thermoelectric performance of PbSe and PbS materials. Rare Metals. 2024 May;31:1–6.
     Google Scholar
  53. Patil S, Mazor A, Almirall N, McLasky C, Gupta V, Lorcharoensery K, et al. Modeling of Powder Metallurgy Hot Isostatic Pressing and Application to a Ni-Base Superalloy. International Symposium on Superalloys, pp. 1091–1100, Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024 Aug 21.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  54. He J, Hu Z, Ding J, Sun T, Shi M, Cai F, et al. Synergistic regulation of pore and grain by hot pressing for enhanced thermoelectric properties of Bi0.35Sb1.65Te3. Appl Phys A. 2024 Mar;130(3):184.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  55. d’Angelo M, Galassi C, Lecis N. Thermoelectric Materials and Applications: a Review. Energies. 2023 Sep 4;16(17):6409.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  56. Mansour MA, Nakamura K, AbdEl-Moneim A. Enhancing the thermoelectric properties for hot-isostatic-pressed Bi2Te3 nano-powder using graphite nanoparticles. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron. 2024;35(10):705.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  57. Maskaeva LN, Yurk VM, Markov VF, Kuznetsov MV, Voronin VI, Lipina OG. Structure and photoelectric properties of PbSe films deposited in the presence of ascorbic acid. Semiconductors. 2020 Oct;54:1191–7.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  58. Gupta MC, Harrison JT, Islam MT. Photoconductive PbSe thin films for infrared imaging. Mater Adv. 2021;2:3133–60.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  59. El-Menyawy EM, Mahmoud GM, Ibrahim RS, Terra FS, El-Zahed H, El Zawawi IK. Structural, optical, and electrical properties of PbS and PbSe quantum dot thin films. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron. 2016 Oct;27:10070–7.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  60. Grovogui JA, Slade TJ, Hao S, Wolverton C, Kanatzidis MG, Dravid VP. Implications of doping on microstructure, processing, and thermoelectric performance: the case of PbSe. J Mater Res. 2021 Mar 28;36:1272–84.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  61. Du J, Su T, Li H, Li S, Hu M, Fan H, et al. Rapid synthesis of PbSe by MA and HPS and its thermoelectric properties. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron. 2020 May;31:6855–60.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  62. Sousa V, Savelli G, Lebedev OI, Kovnir K, Correia JH, Vieira EMF, et al. High seebeck coefficient from screen-printed colloidal PbSe nanocrystals thin film. Materials. 2022;15(24):8805.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  63. Shinzato KE, Baba T. A laser flash apparatus for thermal diffusivity and specific heat capacity measurements. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2001;Apr;64(1):413–22.
     Google Scholar


Most read articles by the same author(s)

1 2 > >>