Assessing the Correlation between Brick Properties and Firing Hours of Locally Produced Clay-burnt Bricks in Taraba State, Nigeria
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
The use of burnt-clay bricks is increasing in rural areas because of its availability and low cost. However, the burning of bricks locally at unknown temperatures will likely result in the production of bricks that are unfit for construction purposes. The study assesses the minimum number of days bricks require to attain the minimum stipulated standards for compressive strength and water absorption. The results obtained were compared to the NIS 87: 2000 standards to assess their conformity. From the study results, the mean compressive strength of bricks (1.576 N/mm², 2.306 N/mm², 3.634 N/mm²) at 48, 72 and 96 hours of firing fails to attain the target value of 5N/mm² as stipulated by the NIS building code. However, the mean compressive strength after 120 hours (5.386 N/mm²) attains the stipulated unit value. The water absorption rate displayed similar findings with mean values of 37.12%, 34.2%, 28.88% failing to conform with the stipulated 20% standards. However, the mean of water absorption after 120 hours (21.02%) has no significant difference and hence conforms to the stipulated value. This therefore means that bricks should be burnt far beyond the 120 hours in order to safely conform to 5N/mm² and 20% compressive strength and water absorption respectively.
Downloads
References
-
Lenci, S., Clementi, F., & Sadowski, T. (2012). Experimental determination of the fracture properties of unfired dry earth. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 87(2012), 62-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2012.03.005
Google Scholar
1
-
Oti, J. E., Kinuthia, J. M., & Bai, J. (2009). Compressive strength and microstructural analysis of unfired clay masonry bricks. Engineering Geology, 109(3), 230-240.
Google Scholar
2
-
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2009.08.010.
Google Scholar
3
-
Karaman, S., Gunal, H., & Ersahin, S. (2006). Assessment of clay bricks compressive strength using quantitative values of colour components. Construction and Building Materials, 20(5), 348-354. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2004.11.003.
Google Scholar
4
-
Ukwatta, A., Mohajerani, A., Eshtiaghi, N., Setunge, S., & Ukwatta, A. (2016). Variation in physical and mechanical properties of fired-clay bricks incorporating ETP biosolids. Journal of Cleaner Production, 119(2016), 76-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.01.094.
Google Scholar
5
-
Gencel, O. (2015). Characteristics of fired clay bricks with pumice additive. Energy & Buildings, 102(2015), 217-224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.05.031.
Google Scholar
6
-
Zhang, L. (2013). Production of bricks from waste materials – A review. Construction and Building Materials, 47(2013), 643-655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.05.043.
Google Scholar
7
-
Beal, B., Selby, A., Atwater, C., James, C., Viens, C., & Almquist, C. (2019). A comparison of thermal and mechanical properties of clay bricks prepared with three different Pore‐Forming additives: Vermiculite, wood ash, and sawdust. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, 38(6), https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.13150.
Google Scholar
8
-
Ashour, T., Korjenic, A., Korjenic, S., & Wu, W. (2015). Thermal conductivity of unfired earth bricks reinforced by agricultural wastes with cement and gypsum. Energy & Buildings, 104(2015), 139-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.07.016.
Google Scholar
9
-
El Fgaier, F., Lafhaj, Z., Antczak, E., & Chapiseau, C. (2016). Dynamic thermal performance of three types of unfired earth bricks. Applied Thermal Engineering, 93(2016), 377-383.
Google Scholar
10
-
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.09.009.
Google Scholar
11
-
Cofirman, R., Agnew, N., Auiston, G., Doehne, E., 1990. Adobe Mineralogy: characterisation of adobes from around the world. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Conservation of Earthen Architecture Las Cruces, NM:1990.
Google Scholar
12
-
Dizhur, D., Lumantarna, R., Biggs, D., & Ingham, J. (2017). In-situ assessment of the physical and mechanical properties of vintage solid clay bricks. Materials and Structures, 50(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-016-0939-9.
Google Scholar
13
-
. Kaushik, H., Rai, D., Jain, S., & Kaushik, H. (2007). Uniaxial compressive stress - strain model for clay brick masonry. Current Science, 92(4), 497-501.
Google Scholar
14
-
https://www.currentscience.ac.in/php/issue.php?vol=092&year=2007.
Google Scholar
15
-
Lal, D., Chatterjee, A., & Dwivedi, A. (2019). Stress-strain characteristics of brick masonry prepared with pond ash in cement mortar under uniaxial compressive strength. European Chemical Bulletin, 8(1), 22. https://doi.org/10.17628/ecb.2019.8.22-25.
Google Scholar
16
-
Chen, Y., Zhang, Y., Chen, T., Zhao, Y., & Bao, S. (2011). Preparation of eco-friendly construction bricks from hematite tailings. Construction and Building Materials, 25(2011), 2107-2111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuidmat.2010.11.025.
Google Scholar
17
-
Aiyewalehinmi, E.O & Aderinola, O.S. (2015). Strength properties of commercially produced clay bricks in six different locations/states in Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Engineering, 5(8), 1-10.
Google Scholar
18
-
Çelik, A., Kadir, S., Kapur, S., Zorlu, K., Akça, E., Akşit, İ, & Cebeci, Z. (2019). The effect of high temperature minerals and microstructure on the compressive strength of bricks. Applied Clay Science, 169(2019), 91-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2018.11.020.
Google Scholar
19
-
Anjum, F., Ghaffar, A., Jamil, Y., & Majeed, M.I. (2019). Effect of Sintering temperature on mechanical and thermophysical properties of biowaste-added fired clay bricks. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 21(2019), 503-524.
Google Scholar
20
-
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-018-0810-x.
Google Scholar
21
-
Yang, C., Cui, C., Qin, J., & Cui, X. (2014). Characteristics of the fired bricks with low-silicon iron tailings. Construction and Building Materials, 70(2014), 36-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.07.075.
Google Scholar
22
-
Presetsan, S., & Theppaya, T. (1995). A study towards energy saving in brick making: Key parameters for energy savings, RERIC. International Energy Journal, 17(2), 145-156.
Google Scholar
23
-
Promkotra, S., & Kangsadan, T. (2015). Compressive strength in various submersion tests of fired clay bricks from chi river sub-basin. Key Engineering Materials, 659(2015), 64-68. https://doi.org/10.4028/.
Google Scholar
24
-
Phonphuak, N., Saengthong, C., & Srisuwan, A. (2019). Physical and mechanical properties of fired clay bricks with rice husk waste addition as construction materials. Materials Today: Proceedings, 17(2019), 1668-1674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.197.
Google Scholar
25
-
Ghaffar, A., & Jamil, Y. (2019). Effect of sintering temperature on mechanical and thermophysical properties of biowaste-added fired clay bricks. The Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 21(3), 503-524. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-018-0810-x
Google Scholar
26
-
Zhang, P., Huang, J., Shen, Z., Wang, X., Luo, F., Zhang, P., Miao, S. (2017). Fired hollow clay bricks manufactured from black cotton soils and natural pozzolans in kenya. Construction and Building Materials, 141(2017), 435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.03.018.
Google Scholar
27
-
Ayuba, S.A., Akamigbo, F.O., Itsegha, S.A. (2007). Properties of soil in river Katsina-ala catchment area, Benue State Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Soil Science, 17(2007), 24-29.
Google Scholar
28
Most read articles by the same author(s)
-
W. K. Joshua,
The Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on Water-Health-Food-Economy Nexus and Sustainable Development in Developing Countries , European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research: Vol. 5 No. 11: November 2020